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Military order (monastic society)
A military order is a fraternity of knights. Many such orders originated as religious societies for protection of Christianity in allegiance to the Catholic Church during the Middle Ages. Purposes often included providing military support to the Crusades and the Crusader states in response to the Islamic conquests, focused on campaigns of (re-)Christianization such as the Spanish ''Reconquista'' and the campaigns against paganism in the Baltic region. Members were laymen, not priests, but they took vows such as poverty, chastity, and obedience.
Among the most prominent of such orders were the Knights Templar, the Knights Hospitaller and the Teutonic Knights. Many were suppressed and closed down after 1500, but some persisted in its original function, while others have become Roman Catholic ceremonial, missionary and charitable organisation.
==History==
In response to the Islamic conquests of the former Byzantine Empire and the Christian presence in the Holy Land, numerous Catholic military orders were set up following the First Crusade. The founding of such orders fit in the Catholic church's plan of redirecting the aggression and energy of Europe's nobility, and complemented the Peace and Truce of God. The foundation of the Templars in 1118 provided the first in a series of tightly organised military forces protecting the Christian lands in Outremer, fighting invading Islamic conquerors in the Iberian Peninsula as well as Islamic invaders and pagan tribes in Eastern Europe.
The first secularised military order was the Order of Saint George founded in 1326 by the King Charles I of Hungary, on which he made all the Hungarian nobility swear loyalty to him. The next secular order which is known to appear was the Order of the "Knights of the Band", founded in 1332 by the King Alfonso XI of Castile. Both orders existed only for about a century.〔Michael Jones ed., ''The New Cambridge Medieval History, vol. 6: c. 1300 - c. 1415,'' (Cambridge, 1998), p. 209.〕
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